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@@ -19,67 +19,21 @@
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<meta property="book:author" content="Andy Eisenberg">
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<h1 class="heading"><a href="my-great-book.html"><span class="title">Math 1044 Notes</span></a></h1>
<p class="byline">Andy Eisenberg</p>
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<li class="toc-item toc-section">
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@@ -218,16 +191,16 @@ eBookConfig.enable_chatcodes = false;
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Joint-Distributions.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">2.3</span> <span class="title">Joint Distributions</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="ch-Expected-Value.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">3</span> <span class="title">Expected Value and Variance</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Expected-Value.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">3.1</span> <span class="title">Expected Value</span></a></div>
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<li class="toc-item toc-subsection"><div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Expected-Value.html#subsec-discrete-EV" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="title">Discrete Expected Value</span></a></div></li>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Variance.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">3.2</span> <span class="title">Variance</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Covariance.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">3.3</span> <span class="title">Covariance</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="ch-Confidence-Intervals.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">4</span> <span class="title">Confidence Intervals</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Likelihood.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">4.1</span> <span class="title">Likelihood</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-CLT.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">4.2</span> <span class="title">Central Limit Theorem</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Confidence-Intervals.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">4.3</span> <span class="title">Confidence Intervals</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="ch-Hypothesis-Testing.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">5</span> <span class="title">Hypothesis Testing</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-One-Sample-Tests.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">5.1</span> <span class="title">One Sample Tests</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Two-Sample-Tests.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">5.2</span> <span class="title">Two Sample Tests</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Power.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">5.3</span> <span class="title">Power of a Test</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Chi-Squared.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">5.4</span> <span class="title"><span class="process-math">\(\chi^2\)</span> Test</span></a></div>
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<div class="toc-title-box"><a href="sec-Linear-Regression.html" class="internal"><span class="codenumber">6.2</span> <span class="title">Linear Regression</span></a></div>
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<main class="ptx-main"><div id="ptx-content" class="ptx-content"><section class="chapter" id="ch-Probability"><h2 class="heading">
<main class="ptx-main"><div id="ptx-content" class="ptx-content"><section class="chapter" id="ch-Probability">
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<span class="type">Chapter</span><span class="space heading-divison-mark heading-divison-mark__space"> </span><span class="codenumber">1</span><span class="space heading-divison-mark heading-divison-mark__space"> </span><span class="title">Probability Theory</span>
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<section class="introduction" id="ch-Probability-2"><div class="para" id="ch-Probability-2-1">This chapter establishes the basic terminology of sample spaces, events, probability, conditional probability, and independence. This language lets us model and talk about situations that involve randomness (or lack of knowledge which can sometimes be mathematically modeled in the same way).<div class="autopermalink" data-description="Paragraph"><a href="#ch-Probability-2-1" title="Copy heading and permalink for Paragraph" aria-label="Copy heading and permalink for Paragraph">🔗</a></div>
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